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1<html><head><META http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=iso-8859-1"><title>Apache Tomcat Configuration Reference - The Manager Component</title><meta value="Craig R. McClanahan" name="author"><meta value="craigmcc@apache.org" name="email"><meta value="Yoav Shapira" name="author"><meta value="yoavs@apache.org" name="email"></head><body vlink="#525D76" alink="#525D76" link="#525D76" text="#000000" bgcolor="#ffffff"><table cellspacing="0" width="100%" border="0"><!--PAGE HEADER--><tr><td><!--PROJECT LOGO--><a href="http://tomcat.apache.org/"><img border="0" alt="
2    The Apache Tomcat Servlet/JSP Container
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4                    </a></small></td></tr></table><table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Introduction"><strong>Introduction</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
5
6  <p>The <strong>Manager</strong> element represents the <em>session
7  manager</em> that will be used to create and maintain HTTP sessions
8  as requested by the associated web application.</p>
9
10  <p>A Manager element MAY be nested inside a
11  <a href="context.html">Context</a> component.  If it is not included,
12  a default Manager configuration will be created automatically, which
13  is sufficient for most requirements.</p>
14
15</blockquote></td></tr></table><table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Attributes"><strong>Attributes</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
16
17  <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Common Attributes"><strong>Common Attributes</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
18
19    <p>All implementations of <strong>Manager</strong>
20    support the following attributes:</p>
21
22    <table cellpadding="5" border="1"><tr><th bgcolor="#023264" width="15%"><font color="#ffffff">Attribute</font></th><th bgcolor="#023264" width="85%"><font color="#ffffff">Description</font></th></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>className</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
23        <p>Java class name of the implementation to use.  This class must
24        implement the <code>org.apache.catalina.Manager</code> interface.
25        If not specified, the standard value (defined below) will be used.</p>
26      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>distributable</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
27        <p>Set to <code>true</code> to ask the session manager to enforce
28        the restrictions described in the Servlet Specification on
29        distributable applications (primarily, this would mean that all
30        session attributes must implement <code>java.io.Serializable</code>).
31        Set to <code>false</code> (the default) to not enforce these
32        restrictions.</p>
33
34        <p><strong>NOTE</strong> - The value for this property is inherited
35        automatically based on the presence or absence of the
36        <code>&lt;distributable&gt;</code> element in the web application
37        deployment descriptor (<code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code>).</p>
38      </td></tr></table>
39
40  </blockquote></td></tr></table>
41
42
43  <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Standard Implementation"><strong>Standard Implementation</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
44
45    <p>Tomcat provides two standard implementations of <strong>Manager</strong>
46    for use - the default one stores active sessions, while the optional one
47    stores active sessions that have been swapped out (in addition to saving
48    sessions across a restart of Tomcat) in a storage location that is selected
49    via the use of an appropriate <strong>Store</strong> nested element.</p>
50
51    <h3>Standard Manager Implementation</h3>
52
53    <p>The standard implementation of <strong>Manager</strong> is
54    <strong>org.apache.catalina.session.StandardManager</strong>.
55    It supports the following additional attributes (in addition to the
56    common attributes listed above):</p>
57
58    <table cellpadding="5" border="1"><tr><th bgcolor="#023264" width="15%"><font color="#ffffff">Attribute</font></th><th bgcolor="#023264" width="85%"><font color="#ffffff">Description</font></th></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>algorithm</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
59        <p>Name of the <em>Message Digest</em> algorithm used to calculate
60        session identifiers produced by this Manager.  This value must
61        be supported by the <code>java.security.MessageDigest</code> class.
62        If not specified, the default value is "MD5".</p>
63      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>entropy</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
64        <p>A String value that is utilized when seeding the random number
65        generator used to create session identifiers for this Manager.
66        If not specified, a semi-useful value is calculated, but a long
67        String value should be specified in security-conscious
68        environments.</p>
69      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>maxActiveSessions</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
70        <p>The maximum number of active sessions that will be created by
71        this Manager, or -1 (the default) for no limit.</p>
72      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>maxInactiveInterval</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
73        <p>The initial maximum time interval, in seconds,
74        between client requests before a session is invalidated. A negative value
75        will result in sessions never timing out. If the attribute is not provided,
76        a default of 60 seconds is used.</p>
77       
78        <p>This attribute provides the initial value whenever a
79        new session is created, but the interval may be dynamically
80        varied by a servlet via the
81        <code>setMaxInactiveInterval</code> method of the <code>HttpSession</code> object.</p>
82      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>pathname</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
83        <p>Absolute or relative (to the work directory for this Context)
84        pathname of the file in which session state will be preserved
85        across application restarts, if possible.  The default is
86        "SESSIONS.ser".  See <a href="#Restart Persistence">Restart
87        Persistence</a> for more information. Restart persistence may be
88        disabled by setting this attribute to an empty string.</p>
89      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>processExpiresFrequency</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
90        <p>Frequency of the session expiration, and related manager operations.
91        Manager operations will be done once for the specified amount of
92        backgrondProcess calls (ie, the lower the amount, the more often the
93        checks will occur). The minimum value is 1, and the default value is 6.
94        </p>
95      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>randomClass</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
96        <p>Java class name of the <code>java.util.Random</code>
97        implementation class to use.  If not specified, the default value is
98        <code>java.security.SecureRandom</code>.</p>
99      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>sessionIdLength</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
100       <p>The length of session ids created by this Manager, excluding any
101        JVM route information used for load balancing.
102        The default is 16.</p>
103      </td></tr></table>
104
105    <h3>Persistent Manager Implementation</h3>
106
107    <p><em><strong>WARNING - Use of this Manager implementation
108    has not been thoroughly tested, and should be considered experimental!
109    </strong></em></p>
110
111    <p>The persistent implementation of <strong>Manager</strong> is
112    <strong>org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManager</strong>.  In
113    addition to the usual operations of creating and deleting sessions, a
114    <code>PersistentManager</code> has the capability to swap active (but
115    idle) sessions out to a persistent storage mechanism, as well as to save
116    all sessions across a normal restart of Tomcat.  The actual persistent
117    storage mechanism used is selected by your choice of a
118    <strong>Store</strong> element nested inside the <strong>Manager</strong>
119    element - this is required for use of <code>PersistentManager</code>.</p>
120
121    <p>This implementation of Manager supports the following attributes in
122    addition to the <a href="#Common Attributes">Common Attributes</a>
123    described earlier.</p>
124
125    <table cellpadding="5" border="1"><tr><th bgcolor="#023264" width="15%"><font color="#ffffff">Attribute</font></th><th bgcolor="#023264" width="85%"><font color="#ffffff">Description</font></th></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>algorithm</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
126        <p>Name of the <em>Message Digest</em> algorithm used to calculate
127        session identifiers produced by this Manager.  This value must
128        be supported by the <code>java.security.MessageDigest</code> class.
129        If not specified, the default value is "MD5".</p>
130      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>className</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
131        <p>Java class name of the implementation to use.  This class must
132        implement the <code>org.apache.catalina.Manager</code> interface.
133        You <strong>must</strong> specify
134        <code>org.apache.catalina.session.PersistentManager</code> to use
135        this manager implementation.</p>
136      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>entropy</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
137        <p>A String value that is utilized when seeding the random number
138        generator used to create session identifiers for this Manager.
139        If not specified, a semi-useful value is calculated, but a long
140        String value should be specified in security-conscious
141        environments.</p>
142      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>maxActiveSessions</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
143        <p>The maximum number of active sessions that will be created by
144        this Manager, or -1 (the default) for no limit.</p>
145      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>maxIdleBackup</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
146        <p>The time interval (in seconds) since the last access to a session
147        before it is eligible for being persisted to the session store, or
148        <code>-1</code> to disable this feature.  By default, this feature is
149        disabled.</p>
150      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>maxIdleSwap</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
151        <p>The time interval (in seconds) since the last access to a session
152        before it should be persisted to the session store, and
153        passivated out of the server's memory, or <code>-1</code> to disable
154        this feature.  If this feature is enabled, the time interval specified
155        here should be equal to or longer than the value specified for
156        <code>maxIdleBackup</code>.  By default, this feature is disabled.</p>
157      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>minIdleSwap</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
158        <p>The time interval (in seconds) since the last access to a session
159        before it will be eligible to be persisted to the session store, and
160        passivated out of the server's memory, or <code>-1</code> for this
161        swapping to be available at any time.  If specified, this value should
162        be less than that specified by <code>maxIdleSwap</code>.  By default,
163        this value is set to <code>-1</code>.</p>
164      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>maxInactiveInterval</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
165        <p>The initial maximum time interval, in seconds,
166        between client requests before a session is invalidated. A negative value
167        will result in sessions never timing out. If the attribute is not provided,
168        a default of 60 seconds is used.</p>
169       
170        <p>This attribute provides the initial value whenever a
171        new session is created, but the interval may be dynamically
172        varied by a servlet via the
173        <code>setMaxInactiveInterval</code>method of the <code>HttpSession</code> object.</p>
174      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>randomClass</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
175        <p>Java class name of the <code>java.util.Random</code>
176        implementation class to use.  If not specified, the default value is
177        <code>java.security.SecureRandom</code>.</p>
178      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>saveOnRestart</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
179        <p>Should all sessions be persisted and reloaded when Tomcat is shut
180        down and restarted (or when this application is reloaded)?  By default,
181        this attribute is set to <code>true</code>.</p>
182      </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>sessionIdLength</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
183        <p>The length of session ids created by this Manager, excluding any
184        JVM route information used for load balancing.
185        The default is 16.</p>
186      </td></tr></table>
187
188    <p>In order to successfully use a PersistentManager, you must nest inside
189    it a <strong>&lt;Store&gt;</strong> element, as described below.</p>
190
191  </blockquote></td></tr></table>
192
193
194</blockquote></td></tr></table><table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Nested Components"><strong>Nested Components</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
195
196  <h3>Standard Manager Implementation</h3>
197
198  <p>If you are using the <em>Standard Manager Implementation</em>
199  as described above, no elements may be nested inside your
200  <strong>&lt;Manager&gt;</strong> element.</p>
201
202  <h3>Persistent Manager Implementation</h3>
203
204  <p>If you are using the <em>Persistent Manager Implementation</em>
205  as described above, you <strong>MUST</strong> nest a
206  <strong>&lt;Store&gt;</strong> element inside, which defines the
207  characteristics of the persistent data storage.  Two implementations
208  of the <code>&lt;Store&gt;</code> element are currently available,
209  with different characteristics, as described belowl</p>
210
211  <h5>File Based Store</h5>
212
213  <p>The <em>File Based Store</em> implementation saves swapped out
214  sessions in individual files (named based on the session identifier)
215  in a configurable directory.  Therefore, you are likely to encounter
216  scalability problems as the number of active sessions increases, and
217  this should primarily be considered a means to easily experiment.</p>
218
219  <p>To configure this, add a <code>&lt;Store&gt;</code> nested inside
220  your <code>&lt;Manager&gt;</code> element with the following attributes:
221  </p>
222
223  <table cellpadding="5" border="1"><tr><th bgcolor="#023264" width="15%"><font color="#ffffff">Attribute</font></th><th bgcolor="#023264" width="85%"><font color="#ffffff">Description</font></th></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>checkInterval</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
224      <p>The interval (in seconds) between checks for expired sessions
225      among those sessions that are currently swapped out.  By default,
226      this interval is set to 60 seconds (one minute).</p>
227    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>className</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
228      <p>Java class name of the implementation to use.  This class must
229      implement the <code>org.apache.catalina.Store</code> interface.  You
230      <strong>must</strong> specify
231      <code>org.apache.catalina.session.FileStore</code>
232      to use this implementation.</p>
233    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>directory</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
234      <p>Absolute or relative (to the temporary work directory for this web
235      application) pathname of the directory into which individual session
236      files are written.  If not specified, the temporary work directory
237      assigned by the container is utilized.</p>
238    </td></tr></table>
239
240
241  <h5>JDBC Based Store</h5>
242
243  <p>The <em>JDBC Based Store</em> implementation saves swapped out
244  sessions in individual rows of a preconfigured table in a database
245  that is accessed via a JDBC driver.  With large numbers of swapped out
246  sessions, this implementation will exhibit improved performance over
247  the File Based Store described above.</p>
248
249  <p>To configure this, add a <code>&lt;Store&gt;</code> nested inside
250  your <code>&lt;Manager&gt;</code> element with the following attributes:
251  </p>
252
253  <table cellpadding="5" border="1"><tr><th bgcolor="#023264" width="15%"><font color="#ffffff">Attribute</font></th><th bgcolor="#023264" width="85%"><font color="#ffffff">Description</font></th></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><code>checkInterval</code></td><td valign="center" align="left">
254      <p>The interval (in seconds) between checks for expired sessions
255      among those sessions that are currently swapped out.  By default,
256      this interval is set to 60 seconds (one minute).</p>
257    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>className</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
258      <p>Java class name of the implementation to use.  This class must
259      implement the <code>org.apache.catalina.Store</code> interface.  You
260      <strong>must</strong> specify
261      <code>org.apache.catalina.session.JDBCStore</code>
262      to use this implementation.</p>
263    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>connectionURL</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
264      <p>The connection URL that will be handed to the configured JDBC
265      driver to establish a connection to the database containing our
266      session table.</p>
267    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>driverName</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
268      <p>Java class name of the JDBC driver to be used.</p>
269    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionAppCol</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
270      <p>Name of the database column, contained in the specified session
271      table, that contains the Engine, Host, and Web Application Context
272      name in the format <code>/Engine/Host/Context</code>.</p>
273    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionDataCol</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
274      <p>Name of the database column, contained in the specified
275      session table, that contains the serialized form of all session
276      attributes for a swapped out session.  The column type must accept
277      a binary object (typically called a BLOB).</p>
278    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionIdCol</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
279      <p>Name of the database column, contained in the specified
280      session table, that contains the session identifier of the
281      swapped out session.  The column type must accept character
282      string data of at least as many characters as are contained
283      in session identifiers created by Tomcat (typically 32).</p>
284    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionLastAccessedCol</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
285      <p>Name of the database column, contained in the specified
286      session table, that contains the <code>lastAccessedTime</code>
287      property of this session.  The column type must accept a
288      Java <code>long</code> (64 bits).</p>
289    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionMaxInactiveCol</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
290      <p>Name of the database column, contained in the specified
291      session table, that contains the <code>maxInactiveInterval</code>
292      property of this session.  The column type must accept a
293      Java <code>integer</code> (32 bits).</p>
294    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionTable</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
295      <p>Name of the database table to be used for storing swapped out
296      sessions.  This table must contain (at least) the database columns
297      that are configured by the other attributes of this element.</p>
298    </td></tr><tr><td valign="center" align="left"><strong><code>sessionValidCol</code></strong></td><td valign="center" align="left">
299      <p>Name of the database column, contained in the specified
300      session table, that contains a flag indicating whether this
301      swapped out session is still valid or not.  The column type
302      must accept a single character.</p>
303    </td></tr></table>
304
305  <p>Before attempting to use the JDBC Based Store for the first time,
306  you must create the table that will be used to store swapped out sessions.
307  Detailed SQL commands vary depending on the database you are using, but
308  a script like this will generally be required:</p>
309
310<div align="left"><table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="4"><tr><td height="1" width="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td><td height="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td><td height="1" width="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td></tr><tr><td width="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td><td height="1" bgcolor="#ffffff"><pre>
311create table tomcat_sessions (
312  session_id     varchar(100) not null primary key,
313  valid_session  char(1) not null,
314  max_inactive   int not null,
315  last_access    bigint not null,
316  app_name       varchar(255),
317  session_data   mediumblob,
318  KEY kapp_name(app_name)
319);
320</pre></td><td width="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td></tr><tr><td height="1" width="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td><td height="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td><td height="1" width="1" bgcolor="#023264"><img border="0" hspace="0" vspace="0" height="1" width="1" src="../images/void.gif"></td></tr></table></div>
321
322  <p>In order for the JDBC Based Store to successfully connect to your
323  database, the JDBC driver you configure must be visible to Tomcat's
324  internal class loader.  Generally, that means you must place the JAR
325  file containing this driver into the <code>$CATALINA_HOME/lib</code>
326  directory.</p>
327
328</blockquote></td></tr></table><table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#525D76"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Special Features"><strong>Special Features</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
329
330
331  <table cellpadding="2" cellspacing="0" border="0"><tr><td bgcolor="#828DA6"><font face="arial,helvetica.sanserif" color="#ffffff"><a name="Restart Persistence"><strong>Restart Persistence</strong></a></font></td></tr><tr><td><blockquote>
332
333    <p>Whenver Catalina is shut down normally and restarted, or when an
334    application reload is triggered, the standard Manager implementation
335    will attempt to serialize all currently active sessions to a disk
336    file located via the <code>pathname</code> attribute.  All such saved
337    sessions will then be deserialized and activated (assuming they have
338    not expired in the mean time) when the application reload is completed.</p>
339
340    <p>In order to successfully restore the state of session attributes,
341    all such attributes MUST implement the <code>java.io.Serializable</code>
342    interface.  You MAY cause the Manager to enforce this restriction by
343    including the <code>&lt;distributable&gt;</code> element in your web
344    application deployment descriptor (<code>/WEB-INF/web.xml</code>).</p>
345
346  </blockquote></td></tr></table>
347
348</blockquote></td></tr></table></td></tr><!--FOOTER SEPARATOR--><tr><td colspan="2"><hr size="1" noshade></td></tr><!--PAGE FOOTER--><tr><td colspan="2"><div align="center"><font size="-1" color="#525D76"><em>
349        Copyright &copy; 1999-2008, Apache Software Foundation
350        </em></font></div></td></tr></table></body></html>
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